permitted to pray—nor were their communities—except in specially designated places. For that reason one version of this ḥadīth reads, “Those before me used to pray only in their churches” [al-Haythamī said: narrated by Aḥmad, its transmitters are trustworthy (10/367)], while another narration states, “No prophet would perform the prayer until he reached his private sanctuary” [reported by al-Bayhaqī (2/433)].
The expression “the whole earth” in this ḥadīth is qualified by the locations from which the Lawgiver has forbidden prayer, details of which will be discussed in their proper place, if Allah wills.
10 – Allah the Exalted made matters easy for this noble Prophet and for his community, granting him the surface of the earth as a means of purification. Thus he said, “Its soil has been made a purifier for us when we find no water.” In another report: “The earth is the ablution of the Muslim, even if he finds no water for ten years” [reported by al-Dāraquṭnī (1/181)]. Previous nations could attain purification only with water. Therefore both dry ablution (tayammum) and the license to pray anywhere on earth are distinctive favors Allah has granted to this ummah, as an easing and a mercy; to Him belong grace and bounty.
11 – The basic ruling for the earth is purity; hence prayer upon it and tayammum from it are permissible.
12 – Every type of ground is suitable for tayammum, whether sandy or rocky, saline, wet, or dry.
13 – The phrase “whichever man” is not restricted to males; it includes women as well, for women are the counterparts of men.
14 – His words, “Its soil has been made a purifier for us,” prove that tayammum lifts ritual impurity just as water does, since both are purifying agents. This is the view of the Ḥanafīs. The more widespread opinion among the Ḥanbalīs, Mālikīs, and Shāfiʿīs is that tayammum merely permits prayer without removing the state of impurity, but this is a weak position; tayammum is a substitute for water and shares its rulings.
15 – The well-known view in Imām Aḥmad’s school is that tayammum may be performed to remove bodily impurity. Another report from him states that no tayammum is prescribed for such impurity, because the revealed law mentions tayammum only for ritual impurity, not