without any right.” (7:146)

Arrogance, in its essence, has both an inward and an outward dimension. The inward dimension is a disposition lodged in the soul, while the outward one is the conduct that issues from the limbs; those deeds are but the fruit of that disposition. The trait of haughtiness inevitably generates such actions, so the root lies in the inner quality that makes a person see himself above others in attributes of perfection. Once that takes hold, he is truly arrogant.