from an elevated vantage point, or through doors and walls, at the private areas of people inside their homes.

5. Should the owner of the house injure such a person in the eye, the ear, or any other limb while repelling him for his spying and eavesdropping, he bears no liability for the loss of that limb. The ḥadith of Abū Hurayrah cited earlier—recorded by al-Bukhārī (6902) and Muslim (2158)—states that the Prophet ﷺ said, “If someone looks into your house without permission and you throw a pebble at him, putting out his eye, there is no blame upon you.” A wording in Aḥmad (8771) and al-Nasāʾī (8460) adds: “He is entitled to neither blood money nor retaliation.”