Lessons derived from the ḥadith:
1 – Causing harm to a Muslim—or to anyone else—without right is forbidden, whether the harm concerns his body, honour, property, children, family, or anything else that affects him. Whoever brings harm upon a Muslim, a dhimmī, or a muʿāhid, Allah will requite him in kind by subjecting him to harm and hardship.
2 – In the narration recorded by Aḥmad (22272) the Prophet ﷺ said: la darar wa la dirar ("There is to be neither harm nor reciprocating harm"). The scholars of uṣūl have treated this ḥadith as one of the great, overarching legal maxims, from which they have derived a large number of subsidiary rulings. Its meaning is to negate harm between a person and his brother, whether initiated or in retaliation. Together with the present ḥadith, it is an explicit text prohibiting every form of harm, for the negation conveyed by lā is all-inclusive. Hence every category of harm is unlawful, for it constitutes injustice, which Allah has forbidden for Himself and forbidden among His servants.
3 – Harm may at times be lawful, such as the implementation of prescribed penalties (ḥudūd), discretionary punishments, or coercion employed to recover rights that are duly owed.
4 – The harm that is prohibited is the harm that is intended; unintentional harm is not covered by the prohibition. Shaykh al-Islām said: "Harm (muḍārrah) involves intent and will, or the commission of an act that entails harm. Whenever one intends to harm, or carries out an act that harms without need, he is a wrongdoer." Conversely, if the harmful act is warranted by necessity and not motivated by the desire to harm, it is not prohibited. A case in point is the Prophet’s ﷺ statement to the owner of the date-palm that was damaging his neighbour’s garden. After the neighbour had sought compensation in several ways and the owner refused, the Prophet said, "You are nothing but a man who causes harm" [Abū Dāwūd: 3636], and then ordered the tree to be uprooted. This demonstrates that causing harm is forbidden and that the wrongdoer must not be allowed to persist in it.