5 – Our jurists state that undertaking (taḥammul) testimony in matters that do not involve the rights of Allah is a collective obligation; if no one else fulfils it, the duty falls upon the individual himself. This ruling rests on the verse, “Let not the witnesses refuse when they are summoned” (Qur’an 2:282), that is, when they are called to assume the responsibility of testimony they must respond. According to the majority of scholars, assuming the testimony is a collective duty, whereas delivering it (adāʾ) is an individual duty.
6 – Our jurists further say that once a person has undertaken the testimony, giving it when summoned is an individual obligation. Allah says, “Do not conceal testimony; whoever conceals it, his heart is sinful” (Qur’an 2:283). This is a severe warning. The heart is singled out because it is the seat of knowledge of the testimony. The verse therefore proves that the person who has undertaken it must present it whenever he is called.
7 – The scholars add that if bearing or delivering the testimony would cause the witness harm—whether to his body, reputation, property, or family—he is not obliged to do so.
8 – The ḥadith of ʿImrān ibn Ḥuṣayn demonstrates that the Companions ﵃ are the best generation of this ummah, superior to the Followers (tābiʿūn), and the Followers are superior to the generation that followed them.
9 – The sound view is that the Companions’ superiority over the Followers is a superiority of the group as a whole over another group as a whole, not that every individual Companion is superior to every individual Follower. Among the eminent Followers there may be those who surpass some Companions. Two exceptions, however, must be made:
First: the famous Companions of early precedence from the Emigrants and the Helpers—especially the veterans of Badr and the people of the Tree (the pledge of al-Riḍwān). No one can equal them in merit, precedence, their support for the religion, and the unique honor Allah granted them of accompanying His Prophet ﷺ.
Second: even a less distinguished Companion remains superior to an outstanding Follower or anyone else. Companionship itself confers merit unmatched by others, even if the latter excel him in knowledge, devotion, or other virtues; the Companion, whatever his personal level, possesses the incomparable distinction of having been a companion.