2 – The ḥadith is unequivocal that a woman’s assumption of public authority is invalid and that any nation that places its affairs in her hands will never prosper—neither in its religion nor in its worldly life. The unsoundness of her leadership is the position of the vast majority of scholars, including the three imams: Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and Aḥmad.
The Ḥanafīs held that she may be appointed to judicial posts except in cases involving the ḥudūd (prescribed punishments), yet their view clashes with the revealed text and with God-given human nature.
3 – In the countries that have installed women in authority, that authority is only nominal, not real: their lands are governed by a constitution that neither ruler nor subject may overstep. And even granting that these women do exercise genuine control and influence, such nations have not succeeded in their religious affairs or in their worldly affairs. Allah’s help is sought.
4 – When Allah said, “The male is not like the female” (Āl ʿImrān 3:36), it was not to dismiss the woman’s role, relieve her of responsibility, or make her merely an object of pleasure and gaze. Rather, He granted her rights comparable to those of the man, as He said: “And women have rights similar to what is incumbent upon them, according to what is just” (al-Baqarah 2:228). Still, these responsibilities, rights, and duties are of a different order: “For men is a share of what they earn, and for women is a share of what they earn” (al-Nisāʾ 4:32).
The management of the household and its affairs is a weighty task—organizing, arranging, overseeing, safeguarding, and maintaining it—followed by the functions of pregnancy, childbirth, raising children, and attending to their needs. These are extremely important matters, yet a man neither has the patience for them nor performs them well. If they are neglected for want of a responsible guardian, everything comes to a standstill and the man’s efforts outside the home are squandered.
Thus, the man’s work lies outside the home, for he has been fashioned—physically, emotionally, and intellectually—for that domain, endowed with muscular strength, emotional restraint, and logical reasoning.