3 – There is no expiation for the plunging oath, for it is too grave a sin for any expiation to wipe away. This is the position of the majority of the scholars, based on the report narrated by al-Bayhaqī from Ibn Masʿūd who said, “We used to regard the oath for which there is no expiation as the plunging oath.” It is counted among the major sins on the strength of the hadith, and one must hasten to sincere repentance and never return to it.

4 – Hadith no. 1189 points to the form of oath by which the Prophet ﷺ used to swear regularly: “No—by the Turner of hearts.” The “turning of hearts” refers to His turning their motives and states, not to turning the physical heart itself. Al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī said, “God’s turning of hearts and insights is His diverting them from one opinion to another,” as in His saying, “or will He not seize them while they are turning about” (Q 16:46). Ibn al-ʿArabī remarked, “The heart is an organ of the body that Allah created and made the seat of knowledge and speech.”

5 – The Prophet ﷺ swore by several formulations, including: “No, by the Disposer of hearts,” “By the Lord of the Kaʿbah,” and “By Him in whose hand is Muhammad’s soul.” When exerting himself he would say, “By Him in whose hand is the soul of Abū al-Qāsim,” and other similar phrases, all of which are borne out by sound hadiths. Allah knows best.