Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

1066 – Abu Hurayrah (Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Whoever accuses his slave of adultery, the legal penalty will be carried out against him on the Day of Resurrection—unless the slave is exactly as he alleged.” Agreed upon. ⦗1⦘

— Points derived from the two reports —

  1. The narration transmitted from the three Rightly Guided Caliphs—Abu Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿUthmān (Allah be pleased with them)—shows that if a slave slanders a chaste free person, his prescribed penalty is half that of a free man. The hadd for a free man is eighty lashes, as the Almighty says: “As for those who accuse chaste women and then do not bring four witnesses, flog them with eighty lashes” (al-Nūr 24:4). A slave, however, receives half the punishment of a free person, in line with the verse: “If they commit a shameful act, then they shall receive half the punishment prescribed for the chaste free women” (al-Nisāʾ 4:25). The four leading imams are unanimous on this ruling.

  2. Hadith 1066 makes it clear that it is forbidden for a master to slander his slave when the accusation is false, for slaves possess the same feelings and sensitivities as free people. In the two Ṣaḥīḥs, Abu Dharr (Allah be pleased with him) relates that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Your servants are your brothers whom Allah has placed under your authority.”

  3. If a master does slander his slave, the hadd is not enforced upon him in this world. Prescribed penalties expiate the sin of the one on whom they are carried out; since he will be punished in the Hereafter—and have the hadd applied there—this indicates that it is not applied to him here. The scholars unanimously agree on the non-application of the worldly hadd in this case.

(1) Al-Bukhari, Sahih, no. 6858; Muslim, Sahih, no. 1660.
١٠٦٦ - وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: "مَنْ قَذَفَ مَمْلُوكَهُ، يُقَامُ عَلَيْهِ الحَدُّ يَوْمَ القِيَامَةِ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ كَمَا قَالَ". مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْه (١). ــ * ما يؤخذ من الحديثين: ١ - الأثر المروي عن الخلفاء الراشدين الثلاثة، أبي بكر، وعمر، وعثمان ﵃ هو أنَّ العبدَ إذا قذف محصنًا فحده على النصف من حدّ الحر، فإنَّ حد الحر ثمانون جلدة، قال تعالى: ﴿وَالَّذِينَ يَرْمُونَ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَأْتُوا بِأَرْبَعَةِ شُهَدَاءَ فَاجْلِدُوهُمْ ثَمَانِينَ جَلْدَةً﴾ [النور: ٤]. أما المملوك: فهو على النصف من حد الحرة لقوله تعالى: ﴿فَإِنْ أَتَيْنَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ فَعَلَيْهِنَّ نِصْفُ مَا عَلَى الْمُحْصَنَاتِ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ﴾ [النساء: ٢٥]، وعلى هذا إجماع الأئمة الأربعة. ٢ - أما الحديث رقم (١٠٦٦): فيدل على أنَّه يحرم على السيد أن يقذف مملوكه، وهو كاذب عليه في ذلك، فإنَّ للمماليك من الشعور والإحساس مثل ما للأحرار، فقد جاء في الصحيحين من حديث أبي ذر ﵁ أنَّ النَّبيَّ ﷺ قال: "إخوانكم، جعلهم الله تحت أيديكم". ٣ - أما إذا قذف السيد مملوكه، فلا يقام عليه الحد في الدنيا؛ ذلك أنَّ الحدود كفارات لمن أقيمت عليه، وما دام أنَّه سيلحقه العذاب في الآخرة، ويحد لذلك، فإنَّه دليل على أنَّه لا يحد في الدنيا، وعدم إقامة الحد عليه في الدنيا إجماع العلماء.
(١) البخاري (٦٨٥٨)، مسلم (١٦٦٠).

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