The second comprises those who claim to be Muslims yet commit deeds that nullify their Islam. Declaring such people unbelievers rests on several grounds:

(a) Associating partners with Allah—whether in His lordship or His exclusive right to be worshipped—by directing any act of worship to other than Him, such as slaughtering an animal or making a vow for someone else.

(b) Setting up intermediaries between oneself and Allah, seeking their favor so that they might draw one nearer to Him; this is the very polytheism of the idolaters.

(c) Denying any part of the message of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, by affirming that he is Allah’s Messenger in some matters while rejecting him in others, or by accepting the outward laws of the religion while repudiating its essential truths.

(d) Rejecting the obligation of prayer, zakat, fasting, or pilgrimage to the Sacred House.

(e) Denying any ruling that is manifest in the Quran, the Sunnah, and the consensus—such as prohibiting the meat of camels, permitting pork, or denying the unlawfulness of fornication or drinking wine.

8 – Two points of clarification:

First: Some people recite the two testimonies of faith and perform the rituals of Islam, yet, out of ignorance or blind imitation, fall into acts of idolatry—some involving Allah’s lordship, others His exclusive right to be worshipped. These individuals must be taught and guided before they are individually pronounced disbelievers, even though describing their actions as shirk and unbelief is obligatory.

Second: Among those who face the qiblah are certain sects—such as the Khārijites, who declare the Companions involved in the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn unbelievers, permit rebellion against an unjust ruler, and pronounce major sinners disbelievers. Likewise, the Qadarites, who deny predestination and strip Allah of His eternal attributes—power, hearing, and sight—deny that He may be seen with the eyes, and claim that His speech is created; and the Muʿtazilites, whose doctrines include a rejection