he has no solvent ʿāqilah, the dominant view of the school is that the blood money is paid from the public treasury.

Third: If the judge resorts to the procedure of qasāmah and the heirs decline to take the prescribed oaths and are unwilling to accept the defendant’s oath, the ruler must ransom the defendant from the public treasury.

Fourth: Every victim whose killer is unknown—such as someone who dies in the crush of pilgrims during ṭawāf, at the stoning site, and similar situations—has his blood money paid from the public treasury.

As for deliberate murder, the indemnity is taken from the murderer’s own wealth and is treated like the rest of the debts he owes. If he is solvent, he must pay at once; if insolvent, he is granted a respite until he can afford it. It is permissible to give him zakat so that he may discharge this debt, for he counts among those overwhelmed by liabilities. Should he die still in debt, the ruler must settle it from the Muslims’ public treasury.