Points derived from the ḥadith:

1. The extreme prohibition of these three crimes, and the description of their perpetrator as the most tyrannical and defiant of people. The three are:
   • First: Whoever kills a life that is inviolable within Allah’s secure Sanctuary. Taking a life that Allah has forbidden is the gravest sin after polytheism, and in the Sacred Precinct it is even more sacrosanct and more sinful. Allah the Exalted says, “Whoever inclines to evil therein, through wrongdoing, We shall make him taste a painful punishment” (al-Ḥajj 25).
   Ibn Masʿūd said, “No man entertains an evil intention but it is written against him, except a man in the Sacred House; for Allah would make him taste a painful punishment.”
   The Prophet ﷺ also said: “Your blood, your honor, and your property are sacred to you, as sacred as this month of yours in this land of yours.” [Muslim 1218].
   • Second: Of the three prohibitions, killing someone other than one’s actual killer. Allah the Exalted says, “No bearer shall bear the burden of another” (al-Anʿām 164). And He says, “Whoever is killed wrongfully, We have given his heir authority; but let him not exceed bounds in killing” (al-Isrāʾ 33). This includes killing anyone other than the murderer, killing an additional person along with him, or mutilating the murderer. Such excesses in killing were practices of the Age of Ignorance that Allah has forbidden.
   • Third: Killing for the sake of pre-Islamic feuds and vendettas that Islam has abolished. During the Farewell Pilgrimage the Prophet ﷺ declared: “All blood claims from the Age of Ignorance are void. The first blood I set aside from among us is that of Ibn Rabīʿah—he had been foster-nursed among Banū Saʿd, and Hudhayl killed him.”
2. The majority of scholars hold that the blood money (diyah) is to be aggravated in principle, though they differ over the details. Imām Mālik maintained that the diyah is aggravated in both accidental and deliberate homicide when