or the grandmothers, however far back the lineage may go, while he considered support obligatory for the descendants, no matter how remote—whether they are heirs or not, even if they belong to the class of uterine relatives.
Abū Ḥanīfah, by contrast, held that maintenance is due to ascendants, descendants, and collateral relatives, although he treated the duty of spending on maḥram kin leniently, regardless of questions of inheritance.
Imam Aḥmad maintained that support is obligatory for both ascendants and descendants, whether or not they inherit, and for those collaterals from whom the spender would inherit by a fixed share or by agnatic succession.
Mālik grounded the obligation to maintain one’s direct children on the verse, “Upon the father is their provision and clothing according to what is acceptable” (al-Baqarah 2:233); and the right of the father and mother on the verse, “and be good to parents” (al-Baqarah 2:83). Among the Prophetic texts he cited are the Prophet’s words, “Take what suffices you and your child according to what is customary,” and, “The finest food you eat is from what you earn, and your children are part of what you earn,” along with other evidences.
The other three imams inferred the obligation to spend on the entire direct line of ascent and descent from the fact that a grandchild counts as a child and that grandfathers are fathers even when remote. Allah says, “Allah instructs you concerning your children” (al-Nisāʾ 4:11), which includes the sons’ children, and He says, “the faith of your father Abraham” (al-Ḥajj 22:78), Abraham being their forefather.
Furthermore, the closeness of this kinship itself establishes rights that oblige maintenance and invalidate testimony between them; hence the ruling of compulsory support applies.
As for relatives outside the direct line of ascent and descent, the proof that maintenance is due to them is the verse, “Upon the heir is a duty like that” (al-Baqarah 2:233). In addition, Allah and His Messenger have commanded maintaining family ties and forbidden severing them, and this kinship carries further legal consequences, such as guardianship in marriage and the like.