from inside the nasal cavity, brought about by local nasal factors or by systemic causes such as infection, congestion, or elevated blood pressure.

• Qalas: with a fatḥah on the qāf, and a lām that may be silent or open, followed by a sīn: vomit that does not exceed a mouthful or is less than that.
• “Liyabni ʿalā ṣalātihi”: the lām here is the imperative lām. To “build upon the prayer” means to count whatever he has already prayed—one rakʿah or more—before performing ablution, and then to complete what remains.

Key points in the ḥadith:

1. On its face, the ḥadith indicates that if someone is overtaken by vomiting, a nosebleed, qalas, or the emission of madhy while praying, he should break off, perform ablution, and then build on his prayer and finish it; the prayer itself is not nullified.
2. This ruling is conditional upon his not speaking; the implied meaning is that if he does speak, his prayer is invalidated and cannot be resumed—he must start over.
3. The permissibility of resuming the prayer on this basis was adopted by the Ḥanafis, the Zaydis, Mālik, and one of the two opinions transmitted from al-Shāfiʿī. The majority of scholars, however, maintain that the prayer is void whenever a nullifier of ablution occurs and that it may not be continued.
4. The ḥadith itself is weak; it was graded weak by al-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad, al-Dāraquṭnī, and others. That judgment would stand even if no contradictory texts existed—how much more so when it clashes with clear, authentic proofs, such as the report recorded by Abū Dāwūd (205) from ʿAlī ibn Ṭalq: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “If any one of you passes wind during the prayer, let him leave, perform ablution, and repeat the prayer.” Al-Tirmidhī (1164) commented, “This ḥadith is ḥasan.”
5. The element of irregularity in the present ḥadith lies in its permitting the resumption of the prayer in such circumstances. As for the specific matters it lists, whether they break ablution is a point of strong scholarly dispute—except for madhy, which is unanimously regarded as a nullifier, since it issues from one of the two passages.