Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

benefits from his own labour, and no one else exercises control over him.

2 – If a female slave is set free while married to a slave husband, she becomes superior and more complete than he is, and the marital suitability (kafāʾah) between them is lost: she is now free whereas he remains a slave. At that point she may choose either to stay with her husband—continuity being stronger than a fresh contract—or to annul the marriage.

3 – This is the story of Barirah, the freedwoman of ʿĀʾishah. She had been married to her husband Mughīth; when ʿĀʾishah emancipated her, the Prophet ﷺ explained the ruling to her and granted her the choice of remaining with her husband or dissolving the marriage. She chose annulment rather than staying with him.

4 – Within the Hanbalī school there are two transmitted opinions about suitability. The first states that suitability is a condition for the marriage to become binding (luzūm), not for its validity when it is absent, because it is a right that belongs to the guardians. This is the view best known among the later Hanbalīs. The second holds that suitability is a condition for the very validity (ṣiḥḥah) of the marriage, so a marriage contracted without it is invalid; this was the position of the earlier Hanbalīs. The ḥadith supports the first, better-known view, for had the marriage been invalid without suitability, the Prophet ﷺ would not have offered her the choice of staying or separating—he would have annulled it immediately.

5 – Ibn al-Qayyim said: The reason she was given a choice is that her master had contracted her marriage by virtue of ownership, since he possessed her person and her benefits. Emancipation transfers ownership of both the person and the benefits to the freed woman herself, and that is the very aim and wisdom of manumission. Once she owns herself, she owns her private parts and the benefits that flow from them; therefore no one may exercise authority over her in this matter except through her own choice—either to remain under her husband or to dissolve the marriage.

6 – One chain of transmission of Barirah’s ḥadith includes the wording: “You now own yourself, so choose.”

7 – It is permissible to sell one of a pair of slave spouses without the other.

يسيطر عليه أحد. فإذا عتقت الرقيقة، وهي زوجةٌ لرقيق، صارت أفضل منه، وأكمل منه، وفُقِدت الكفاءة الزوجية بينهما، حيث أصبحت حرَّةً وهو رقيق، فحينئذٍ صار لها الخيار بأن تبقى عند زوجها، وإن كان رقيقًا؛ لأنَّ الاستدامة أقوى من الابتداء، أو تفسخ نكاحها منه. ٢ - وهذه قصة بريرة مولاة عائشة، كانت عند زوجها مُغيث، فأعتقتها عائشة ﵂ فأعلمها النبي ﷺ بالحكم؛ وخيَّرها بأن تبقى مع زوجها، أو تفسخ نكاحها، فاختارت الفسخ على بقائها معه. ٣ - مذهب الإمام أحمد فيه روايتان في الكفاءة: إحداهما: أنَّ الكفاءة شرطٌ للزوم النكاح، لا لصحة النكاح مع فقدها؛ لأنَّها حقٌّ للأولياء، وهذه الرواية هي المشهور من المذهب عند المتأخرين. والرواية الأخرى: أنَّها شرطٌ لصحة النِّكاح، فلا يصح النِّكاح مع فقدها، وهدذه الرواية هي المذهب عند المتقدمين من أصحاب أحمد، والحديث دليل للرواية الأولى، التي هي المشهور من المذهب؛ لأنَّه لو كان لا يصح مع فقدها، ما خيَّرها بالفسخ أو البقاء، ولفَسخَها بالحال. ٤ - قال ابن القيم: إنَّ مأخذ تخييرها أنَّ السيد عقد عليها بحكم الملك، حيث كان مالكًا لرقبتها ومنافعها، والعتق يقتضي ملك الرقبة والمنافع للمعتَق، وهذا مقصود العتق وحكمته، فإذا ملكت رقبتها، ملكت بُضْعها ومنافعها، ومن جملتها منافع البُضْع، فلا يُملك عليها إلاَّ باختيارها أحد الأمرين: البقاء تحت الزوج، أو الفسخ منه. ٥ - وقد جاء في بعض طرق حديث بريرة: "ملكْتِ نفسك فاختاري". ٦ - جواز بيع أحد الزوجين الرقيقين دون الآخر.

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