of distinctive qualities; for Allah, majestic and exalted, prefers some things over others.

As for duties, however, all Muslims are equal before them—no one enjoys any precedence over another. The same holds true with respect to rights: they are equal, without any group being favoured above the rest. In the sight of Allah they are graded solely according to their piety. The Almighty says, “Indeed, the most noble of you in Allah’s sight is the most God-fearing of you” (49:13).

Accordingly, there is no discrepancy among the texts; each addresses a different dimension. And Allah knows best.