to his heirs, or even to only some of them, then he has overstepped the limits set by Allah, wronging both himself and others, for such a bequest is invalid—“there is no bequest for an heir.”

5 – Likewise, showing favoritism to certain heirs by granting one of them what the others do not receive, or depriving some of their share through legal trickery, is a transgression of Allah’s limits—whether accomplished by a purported gift, a sham sale, or a false acknowledgment.

6 – A bequest of up to one-third may be made to a non-heir—that is, to anyone who does not inherit—or to beneficial charitable causes such as mosques, hostels, schools, or the dissemination of Allah’s call. One-third is permissible; anything beyond that is not valid unless all adult, competent heirs give their consent. If they agree, it stands; if they refuse, the right remains theirs. This is the meaning of his saying, “unless the heirs consent,” assuming that this additional wording is authentic.