Tawḍīḥ al-Aḥkām - Abd Allah al-Bassam - (5/95)

Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

and this root becomes apparent in the plural, for one says miyāh and amwāh, and in the diminutive form muwayh.

Points derived from the ḥadīth:

The report establishes that no one may claim exclusive ownership of any of these three things; they remain common property accessible to all. Because they are indispensable necessities placed at the disposal of the general public, it is unlawful for anyone to monopolize them or to withhold them from a person in need.
This ruling exemplifies Islam’s equitable legislation, its inclusive permissibility, and its generosity toward its people: their essential affairs and shared needs are held in joint ownership by everyone. Whoever lawfully acquires them takes possession of them and may benefit from them. This constitutes an important economic principle, and the three items are:

First: pasture (kalāʾ), meaning herbage whether fresh or dry—the natural vegetation of open plains and deserts that serves as fodder for livestock such as camels, cattle, sheep, and other animals. The Most High says, “And We sent down water from the sky and thereby brought forth pairs of various plants. Eat and pasture your cattle” (Ṭā Hā 20:53-54).

Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī records from Ibn ʿAbbās that the Prophet ﷺ said, “There is no reserved pasture except what belongs to Allah and His Messenger.”

The jurists have therefore stated that it is invalid to sell what grows naturally on the land—whether pasture or thorny shrubs—in light of his ﷺ statement, “People are partners in three things.”

Second: water. It may not be sold unless a person has already taken possession of it by collecting it in his pond, waterskin, vessel, or the like. Water that has not yet been gathered—such as rainwater, spring water, or the standing water of wells—cannot be owned and therefore cannot be sold. The Exalted says, “We sent down water from the sky and gave it to you to drink, yet you are not its treasurers” (al-Ḥijr 15:22).

And He says, “Have you considered the water that you drink? Was it you who sent it down from the clouds, or was it We who sent it down?” (al-Wāqiʿah 56:68-69).

هذا الأصل ظهورها في الجمع فتقول: مياه وأمواه، وفي التصغير: مويه. * ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١ - يدل الحديث على عدم اختصاص أحد من الناس بواحد من الأشياء الثلاثة، وإنما تبقى مشاعة عامة بين الناس؛ لأنَّ هذه الأشياء الثلاثة من الأمور الضرورية، المبذولة لعامة المنتفعين، فلا يجوز لأحد أن يختص بها، ويمنع منها أحدًا محتاجًا إليها. ٢ - وهذا من أحكام الإسلام العادلة، وإباحته الشاملة، وإفضاله على أهله، فأمورهم الضرورية، وحاجتهم المشاعة هي شركة للجميع، من حازها ملكها وانتفع بها، وهذا مبدأ اقتصادي هام، وهذه الثلاث هي: أولًا: الكلأ الذي هو الحشيش، سواءٌ كان رطبًا أو يابسًا، فهو نبت الفيافي والقفار، وهو علف المواشي من الإبل والبقر والغنم، وغيرها من الحيوانات، قال تعالى: ﴿وَأَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَأَخْرَجْنَا بِهِ أَزْوَاجًا مِنْ نَبَاتٍ شَتَّى (٥٣) كُلُوا وَارْعَوْا أَنْعَامَكُمْ﴾ [طه:٥٤،٥٣]. وقد جاء في صحيح البخاري عن ابن عباس أنَّ النَّبيَّ ﷺ قال: "لا حمى إلاَّ لله ولرسوله". وقال الفقهاء: ولايصح بيع ما نبت بأرضه من كلأٍ وشوكٍ لقوله ﷺ "الناس شركاء في ثلاث" ثانيًا: الماء، فلا يجوز بيعه ما لم يَحُزه في بِركته، أو قِربته، أو إنائه ونحوه، وأما الذي لم يحز من ماء السماء، أو ماء العيون، أو نقع الآبار، فلا يملك، ولا يصح بيعه، قال تعالى: ﴿فَأَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَأَسْقَيْنَاكُمُوهُ وَمَا أَنْتُمْ لَهُ بِخَازِنِينَ (٢٢)﴾ [الحجر] وقال تعالى ﴿أَفَرَأَيْتُمُ الْمَاءَ الَّذِي تَشْرَبُونَ (٦٨) أَأَنْتُمْ أَنْزَلْتُمُوهُ مِنَ الْمُزْنِ أَمْ نَحْنُ الْمُنْزِلُونَ (٦٩)﴾ [الواقعة].