Muslims in every age and region have consistently practiced muzāraʿah. As for the ḥadiths that prohibit mukhābarah, the answer is that they refer only to situations in which each party stipulates a specific, demarcated plot of land for himself.

10. The report also shows that non-Muslims may remain in Muslim territories for as long as the community needs them; once Muslims have no further need of them or their services, they should be removed from Muslim lands, for they exert an influence on belief and moral conduct.