loss and ruin, for the cornerstone of any enterprise is a sound intention and sincere counsel. When these are absent and deceit and betrayal take their place, the blessing is wiped away from the two partners—or from all of them.

4. The excellence of truthfulness and sincerity in dealings and in work, whether in the public sector or the private sector: these qualities bring down blessing and are the hallmark of success and prosperity, whereas their opposites lead to loss, wasted effort, and the removal of blessing.

5. Our jurists state that the partnership of mufāwaḍa (full-authorization partnership) is of two kinds:
   a. Valid: when each of the two—or more—partners empowers the other to carry out every type of transaction, financial and physical, that falls under the various forms of partnership. It therefore combines the features of ʿinān (capital partnership), wujūh (reputation partnership), muḍāraba (silent partnership), and abdān (labor partnership), and is thus sound.
   b. Invalid: when they include within it an unusual type of gain, such as finding lost property, receiving an inheritance, or obtaining compensation for an injury; or when they include an uncommon liability, such as guaranteeing a borrowed item, paying for something destroyed, or liability for an act of usurpation and the like.