and your wealth and your honour are sacred to you, as sacred as this very day of yours, in this very month of yours, in this very land of yours. Have I delivered the message? O Allah, bear witness.” ⦗Bukhari 1654⦘
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This hadith establishes the prohibition of seizing other people’s property without their free and willing consent. Whoever takes it or lays hands on it without such approval is consuming what is unlawful to him.
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The rights owed to people are momentous. Sins that lie solely between a servant and his Lord are wiped away by sincere repentance, whereas the rights of other servants are not expiated—even with repentance—unless one is acquitted of them by repayment, by seeking the owners’ pardon, or by any other means that removes their liability.
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Martyrdom in the path of Allah expiates all sins except debt. Muslim (3497) records that Abu Qatadah reported a man asking, “O Messenger of Allah, if I am killed in the way of Allah, will my sins be forgiven?” He replied, “Yes—except for debt, for Gabriel has informed me of that.”
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Another person’s wealth becomes lawful—and wholesome—only with willing consent. Such consent may be given explicitly, or it may be inferred from circumstances, from the owner’s disposition, or from the closeness of the relationship between the two parties. Allah the Exalted says: “There is no blame upon the blind, nor upon the lame, nor upon the sick, nor upon yourselves, if you eat in your own houses or the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your mothers, or the houses of your brothers, or the houses of your sisters, or the houses of your paternal uncles, or the houses of your paternal aunts, or the houses of your maternal uncles, or the houses of your maternal aunts, or from that over which you hold keys, or from the house of a friend.” (al-Nūr 61). Near kinship and close friendship are presumptive grounds for permission and allowance.
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Whether something is deemed permissible in such matters turns on prevailing custom and mutual practice, as well as on what is known of the owners’ generosity and readiness—or lack thereof—to allow it. The touchstone, therefore, is the heart’s tranquillity and inner ease in situations that vary according to people, time and place.