and of drudgery and earning a livelihood.

2 – Inside the home, the woman is the steward, for she possesses the knowledge and experience required. She oversees the affairs of her household, including the husband’s money that is placed in her hands.

3 – She may not give any gift or charity from her husband’s wealth without his permission, for he is the one entitled to dispose of it. If he expressly permits her, or she knows from his general attitude that he is content, she may give the customary small amounts in charity—such as a loaf of bread, leftover food, or drink—because al-Bukhari and Muslim narrate from ʿĀʾishah that the Prophet ﷺ said: “When a woman spends from her husband’s food without causing waste, she receives a reward for what she has spent, the husband receives a reward for what he earned, and the store-keeper receives the same reward; none of them has his reward diminished in the least.”
If, however, he forbids her, or she knows that he is miserly, it becomes unlawful for her to give anything of his property in charity, even a small amount.

4 – Their sharing in the reward without any reduction of one party’s share is a manifestation of Allah’s grace and generosity.

5 – A legally competent, adult woman is free to dispose of her own wealth as she wishes.

As for the Prophet’s ﷺ statement, “A woman has no authority over her wealth once her husband has gained the marital bond over her,” the scholars have interpreted it in two ways:

First: It is a matter of good companionship, cordiality, and esteem for the husband. She should consult him and not act without referring the matter to him.

Second: The ruling applies specifically to a wife who has not yet attained sound judgment; if she is foolish in financial matters, it is forbidden for her to dispose of her wealth, and her guardian must safeguard it—the foremost of her male guardians, concerned with her welfare, being her judicious husband.