the path of Allah time and again—together with their taking of usury, although they had been forbidden it, and their devouring of people’s wealth by wrongful means. For the disbelievers among them We have prepared a painful punishment.” (An-Nisāʾ 4:160–161)

9. The narration further indicates that it is permissible to transact with someone whose wealth may contain a doubtful, unlawful element, for the Jews were known to deal in usury and to accept bribes—provided that the very item being exchanged is not itself the illicit money.