Glossary of the ḥadith:
– rutab (fresh dates): the fruit of the date-palm once it has ripened and sweetened, but before it dries and becomes ordinary dates. The singular is rutab-ah; the plural, artāb.
– tamr (dried dates): the fruit of the date-palm after it has dried, just as raisins are dried grapes. By consensus of the Arabic lexicographers, it is a dry fruit: the dates are left on the palm until they approach complete dryness, then cut and spread in the sun until fully desiccated. The singular is tamrah; the plural, tumūr.
Points derived from the two ḥadiths:
1 – Muzābanah refers to selling the produce of one’s date-palm orchard for a measured quantity of dried dates; or, in the case of a vineyard, selling its grapes for a measured quantity of raisins; or, in the case of standing grain, selling it for a measured quantity of threshed grain. All of these transactions constitute the muzābanah that the Prophet ﷺ forbade. Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr said, “There is no disagreement that all of this is muzābanah. The only dispute is whether everything that may be sold only ‘like for like’ is to be included under the same ruling.” The majority answer in the affirmative, because the common cause is ignorance of equality despite the two commodities sharing the same genus and the same unit of measure.
2 – The reason for the prohibition is ribā al-faḍl (usury of excess). Whenever two varieties of the same genus are exchanged, equality is required, as the hadith states: “like for like.” In the above cases that equality is unknown: selling dates while still on the palm for a measured amount of dried dates, or grapes on the vine for a measured amount of raisins, or grain in the ear for a measured amount of cleaned grain—all of these lack verified equivalence, leaving the matter uncertain. Such sales are therefore invalid. The jurists say, “Ignorance of equality is treated the same as certainty of inequality.”
3 – This hadith supports the view that commodities liable to ribā are those that combine two qualities: they are edible and they are sold by measure—whether by volume or by weight. If either of these two conditions is absent, the rules of ribā do not apply.