2 – Any disparity between the two is prohibited, even if one of them is of better quality; what matters is equality in quantity, not excellence or inferiority.

3 – The legal standard for fruits is dry measure (volume). Hence it is not permissible to exchange two amounts of the same genus except by using that prescribed measure, for without it equality cannot be verified, and ignorance of equality carries the same ruling as certain knowledge of disparity—unless the fruit has become water-soaked, stored in bulk, or crushed, in which case its standard is weight because it can no longer be measured by volume.

4 – Whatever is weighed takes the same ruling as what is measured among ribā-liable commodities; its legal criterion is volume measure, and this is the consensus of the scholars.

5 – Selling a heap (subrah) of dates for another quantity of dates is forbidden, even when the other party knows the legal measure (volume), for the equality of the heap itself is unknown, and ignorance of equality is treated like certain knowledge of disparity. This prohibition renders the sale unlawful and the contract void.

6 – Lawful stratagems (ḥiyal) are permissible so long as they do not make the unlawful lawful nor the lawful unlawful; they merely serve as a means of avoiding forbidden contracts and replacing them with contracts that are valid and permissible.
Ibn al-Qayyim said: “Section: On the kinds of permissible stratagems.
The second category is where the path is sanctioned and what it leads to is likewise sanctioned. These are causes that the Lawgiver has made conduits to their effects, and into this category falls the use of stratagems to obtain benefits and ward off harms. Neither our words nor those of the early scholars in condemning ḥiyal apply to this category. Whoever neglects to use such a device when able wastes his opportunity and neglects his own interests.”

7 – Equality is obligatory between two quantities of the same genus in transactions subject to ribā—that is, foodstuffs sold by measure or weight. With commodities not liable to ribā, neither equality nor immediate mutual possession at the contract session is required.

8 – The zakāh collector may not take produce of superior quality except with the owner’s consent, just as he may not take inferior produce; rather