and invention or innovation are private rights belonging to their proprietors. In modern practice they possess an acknowledged monetary value because people are willing to pay for them. These rights are recognized in the Sharia; consequently, it is unlawful to infringe upon them.

Second: It is permissible to dispose of, or to transfer for financial compensation, the trade name, commercial title, or trademark, provided that uncertainty, misrepresentation, and fraud are absent, since each of these has become a financial right.

Third: The rights of authorship and of invention or innovation are inviolable in Islamic law; their owners hold full discretion over them, and it is impermissible to violate them.