– inṣabbat qadāmāh — “his feet descended into the valley bed.” The verb nasaba, yansubu, niṣāban means “to slope or move downward.” Here the usage is borrowed from the image of water pouring into the course of a wādī; thus inṣibāb conveys the sense of descent.

– buṭn al-wādī — the concealed, low-lying part of a valley.

– saʿā, yasʿā, saʿyan — In Arabic the noun saʿy denotes rapid movement or swift running, and by extension striving to secure something, whether good or evil. When followed by the preposition ilā it refers to running, but when the meaning is “to work for” it is followed by li. Allah the Exalted says, “and strove for it with the striving it deserved” (Q 17:19), meaning he worked for it; whereas in “Hasten to the remembrance of Allah” (Q 62:9) the verb means “proceed,” which is why the Qur’ānic reading of ʿUmar, his son, and Ibn Masʿūd renders it “fa-amḍū” (“then go forth”). In the present context saʿy signifies a vigorous run, the part of the saʿy rite that used to be performed in the valley bed; today the running takes place between the two green markers that stand on either side of the former wādī.

– Yawm al-Tarwiyah — with an initial tā followed by a rā — is the eighth day of Dhū al-Ḥijjah. It received its name because pilgrims would fill themselves and their mounts with water on that day in anticipation of ʿArafah, where no water was then available.

– fa-ajāza — jāza al-makān, yajūzuhu jawzan/jawāzan means “to pass through a place,” while the augmented form ajāzahu means “to cross it.” Here it indicates that he passed beyond Muzdalifah without stopping, heading directly for ʿArafah.

– ʿArafah — a mashʿar ḥalāl, i.e., a sacred site lying outside the boundaries of the ḥaram, for it is situated in the ḥill. Its limits are as follows:
• Northern boundary: the confluence of Wādī Wusayq with Wādī ʿUrnah.
• Southern boundary: about 1.5 km south of Masjid Namirah.
• Western boundary: Wādī ʿUrnah, which extends from the meeting point of Wādī Wusayq until it runs parallel with Mount Namirah.
• Eastern boundary: the arc-shaped range of mountains that encloses the plain of ʿArafah, from the pass that