and the obligatory ḥajj as well. These divine liabilities compete with the rights owed to other people; hence they are paid before the heirs receive their shares of the estate. If the estate is insufficient, it is distributed among all outstanding debts, each in proportion to its amount.

9 – Showing dutifulness to one’s parents even after their death; part of that dutifulness is to discharge their debts and fulfil their vows.

10 – That the deceased is absolved once his vow-debt is settled on his behalf is a mark of Allah’s kindness and grace toward His servants, lightening for them the burden of obligations and the consequences of liabilities.