Most High—depends on its being gathered together by turning entirely to Allah, for the heart’s disarray can be mended only through turning to Him. Excess food and drink, excessive socializing, excessive speech, and excessive sleep all increase that disarray, scatter the heart in every valley, and either sever, weaken, hinder, or halt its journey to Allah. Out of His mercy, the Mighty, the Most Compassionate, therefore prescribed fasting for His servants: it removes the excess of food and drink and purges the heart of the sediments of desires that obstruct its way to Allah. He legislated it in a measure that secures benefit for the servant in this world and the next, without depriving him of his legitimate, immediate or future interests.
Likewise, He prescribed iʿtikāf, whose aim and very soul is that the heart should abide with Allah alone: gathering itself upon Him, withdrawing and cutting itself off from all else, and occupying itself solely with Him. Thus His remembrance, love, and wholehearted turning come to fill the entire heart and all its passing thoughts; they take command in place of everything else. All one’s concern becomes for Him; every inner notion is a remembrance of Him and a reflection on how to attain His good pleasure. A person’s intimacy is then with Allah rather than with the creation—and by virtue of that, his intimacy with Allah on the day of loneliness in the graves, when no companion remains but Him, is secured. This is the supreme purpose of iʿtikāf.
The mention of iʿtikāf directly after fasting serves two purposes:
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The preceding discussion of fasting includes the fast of Ramadan, the very month in which iʿtikāf is most emphatically recommended because of the hope of attaining the Night of Decree.
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The scholars agree that fasting is legislated together with iʿtikāf, for a complete severance from worldly attachments is realized through fasting and distancing oneself from appetites and habitual comforts.
The Ḥanafī and Mālikī jurists stipulate that fasting is a condition for the validity of iʿtikāf. Other scholars, however, see no evidence for this, apart from the fact that the Prophet ﷺ never performed iʿtikāf except while fasting—but a mere practice, by itself, does not prove conditionality. Indeed, he observed an iʿtikāf in Shawwāl, and there is no report that he fasted during those days of retreat.