in truth; he has merely fasted in outward form. The fast for which one is rewarded is the one in which a person actually experiences the pain of hunger and thirst and the privation of what is normally lawful.
As for the perpetual faster, his soul has grown used to fasting and his nature to deprivation; he no longer feels the fast or the hunger and thirst it causes. In this sense it is as though he never fasted at all, and the ḥadith is simply describing his state.
- Either way he is blameworthy on both readings: he has disobeyed the command of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and chosen for himself a quantity of worship other than that which Allah and His Messenger selected.
Ibn al-ʿArabī, the commentator on al-Tirmidhī, said, “If the statement is a supplication, then woe to the one against whom the Prophet ﷺ supplicated; and if it is a factual report, then woe to the one about whom the Prophet ﷺ spoke.”
- Someone might argue that perpetual fasting is virtuous, for the Prophet ﷺ said about the one who fasts three days of every month, “That equals fasting for a lifetime.” [Muslim (1162)].
Ibn al-Qayyim replies: this comparison relates only to sharing its reward, were it actually recommended.
The proof is in the same ḥadith: fasting three days a month was made equivalent to fasting the whole year because each good deed counts tenfold, giving him the reward of 360 days of fasting. Yet it is categorically forbidden—and unanimously impermissible—to fast every single day. The comparison, therefore, is on the assumption that such a thing could be permissible, not that it is.
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The recommended fast is the fast of the Prophet of Allah, David: he would fast one day and break the fast the next. A successful Muslim weighs his circumstances in both worship and daily habit, allowing nothing to overwhelm anything else; becoming absorbed in one type of act may deprive him of other deeds that could be better and more fitting.
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Al-Bukhārī and Muslim relate from ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ that the Prophet ﷺ said, “Fast one day and break the fast the next; that is the best form of fasting—there is no fasting better than that.” He said