allowed—anyone who wished to break the fast would do so and give the fidya—until the next verse was revealed: “So whoever of you witnesses the month must fast it” (2:185). That verse abrogated the earlier ruling. Thus, the abrogation applies to the healthy resident.
As for the very old man who finds fasting unbearably difficult, and likewise the elderly woman for whom fasting is hardship, no abrogation touches their case. They may break the fast, and no make-up fast is required of them; rather, they must give the fidya: feeding one needy person for every day. This is exactly what is narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās: “The elderly man was granted a concession to break the fast, feed one needy person for every day, and no make-up fast is required of him.”
This distinction is corroborated by the report recorded by Imām Aḥmad (21107), Abū Dāwūd (507) and others from Muʿādh ibn Jabal: “Allah established fasting for the healthy resident, granted a concession in it to the sick person and the traveler, and established feeding in place of fasting for the elderly person who cannot fast.”
In summary: the general concession that allowed anyone to break the fast and feed a needy person was abrogated by the second verse, whereas the concession for the very old man and woman was not abrogated in their case. The Sunnah makes clear that it remains valid until the Day of Resurrection.
The case of the elderly man and woman who cannot endure fasting also applies to the patient with an incurable illness who finds fasting burdensome: he may break the fast and must feed one needy person for every day he misses. The amount of fidya is one mudd of wheat and half a sâʿ of anything else. The prophetic sâʿ equals four mudds, each mudd being 625 grams, making the prophetic sâʿ roughly 3 kilograms. This ruling concerns the elderly who are physically unable yet mentally sound. As for someone afflicted with senility and confusion, neither fasting nor expiation is required, for such a person is no longer legally accountable.
Scholarly disagreement
The scholars differed concerning the pregnant woman or nursing mother who fears solely for the fetus or infant and therefore breaks her fast: is fidya obligatory for her or not? Imams al-Shāfiʿī and Aḥmad ruled that she must give the fidya, based on what is narrated from Ibn