• ulāʾika al-ʿuṣāt (those are the disobedient ones): plural of ʿāṣī, the person who contravenes a command and steps outside the bounds of obedience. He described them as disobedient because they imposed severity upon themselves and refused the concession.

• qadaḥ (drinking cup): with two fatḥahs; a vessel used for drinking water and the like.

• ulāʾika al-ʿuṣāt: the phrase is repeated for emphasis, to deter them from flouting the ruling which the Prophet underscored by lifting the vessel high so that all could see it, prompting them to comply and avail themselves of the dispensation.

• shaqq (hardship): with fatḥah on the shīn and a doubled qāf. The verb shaqqa yashuqqu shaqqan wa mashaqqata, from the pattern of qatala, means that a matter became difficult and severe. Here it denotes the strain they undertook by fasting in the heat.