pending further research, and the study will examine their effect on the fast, with special attention to the Prophetic hadiths and the reports of the Companions.

(a) The asthma inhaler and the inhalation of medicated vapors.
(b) Phlebotomy and cupping.
(c) Drawing a laboratory blood sample for analysis, donating blood, or receiving a blood transfusion.
(d) The injections employed in the treatment of kidney failure, whether introduced into the peritoneum (peritoneal dialysis) or through the artificial kidney.
(e) Anything introduced into the rectum, such as an enema, suppositories, an endoscope, or a finger for medical examination.
(f) Surgical procedures performed under general anesthesia when the patient had intended to fast from the previous night and is not given any nutrient infusions. And Allah knows best.