—rather, Allah named the eight categories to make it known that charity is not to go beyond them, not to oblige an equal apportionment among them all. The correct view is that Allah has placed zakah under two overarching aims:
- To satisfy the Muslims’ needs;
- To assist and strengthen Islam.
Sixth: Shaykh ʿUthmān ibn Qāʾid al-Najdī said: The recipients of zakah fall into two groups.
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Those whose title to what they receive is permanent: the poor, the destitute, the collectors, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled. Whoever receives zakah for any of these reasons owns it outright and may use it as he wishes, just like the rest of his property. In the noble verse these categories are introduced by the preposition li- (لـ), which denotes ownership.
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Those whose title is not permanent: slaves in emancipation contracts, debtors, fighters in Allah’s path, and the stranded traveller. Whoever receives zakah for any of these reasons must spend it on the very need for which he was given it; otherwise it is reclaimed from him. About them the verse employs the preposition fī (في), which does not convey ownership but indicates that one spends from what is taken only to the extent of his need and returns whatever exceeds it.
Seventh: It is impermissible to give zakah to one’s direct bloodline—ascendants or descendants—whether through the fathers or the mothers, and whether through sons or daughters. This ruling applies to those among them who would inherit and those who would not, unless they are zakah workers, recipients in the category of reconciliation of hearts, combatants in Allah’s path, or debtors undertaking conciliation; in these instances, paying zakah to them is valid, for they are receiving it for a public benefit and thus resemble non-relatives.
As for the rest of the giver’s relatives: those from whom the giver stands to inherit may not be given his zakah, whereas those from whom he does not inherit may receive it. The distinction is that he is obliged to maintain the first group; if he were to give them zakah he would merely be sparing himself that financial duty. With the second group he is under no such obligation. This is the well-known position in the school of Imam Ahmad.