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The eagerness of the female Companions—may Allah be pleased with them—to rush toward good works the moment they heard an admonition.
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A person may give charity even from his own personal effects, preferring others over his own need; however, this is restricted to what does not compromise his essential provisions or those of the dependents he supports. If he were to neglect those obligations, he would be sinful.
Scholarly disagreement
The scholars have reached consensus that a husband may not pay his zakah to his wife. Ibn al-Munadhir said: “The people of knowledge unanimously agree that a man does not give his wife anything from the zakah, for her maintenance is already obligatory upon him, rendering her needless of zakah. Therefore it is impermissible to hand it to her; if a husband were to do so, he would simply be saving himself the expense of her upkeep, so the zakah would in effect return to him and never truly leave his possession.”
They disputed, however, over whether a wife may pay her zakah to her husband.
• The Hanafis and Hanbalis hold that it is impermissible, because the zakah would revert to her through his spending on her.
• The Malikis and Shafiʿis rule that it is permissible, and this is also one opinion within the Hanbali school, chosen by al-Qadi, his associates, Shaykh Taqi al-Din, and others.
Those who deem it impermissible interpret the present hadith as referring to voluntary charity (ṣadaqah al-taṭawwuʿ), not to the obligatory alms of zakah. Their evidence is her statement: “I had some jewellery of my own, and I wanted to give it away in charity,”—she did not say, “I want to give part of it,” or “I wish to pay its zakah.”
Furthermore, her initiative came right after she heard the Prophet ﷺ encouraging general charity, so she—may Allah be pleased with her—hastened to give what she possessed. Zakah, by contrast, is an essential Islamic rite and one of the pillars of Islam; the virtuous female Companions had no need for extra prompting to fulfil it.
As for her words, “Will it avail me?” they do not contradict the fact that it was a voluntary charity, because what is commonly