—it came to be applied to every camel, even when the animal is not used to haul water, as in the ḥadith: “Feed your nāḍiḥ,” that is, your camel.
– Another reading is that the pronoun goes back to the word “crop,” the sense being: or if the irrigated crop is ʿatharī (naturally watered).
– Baʿl—fatḥa followed by sukūn—refers to trees or plants that grow only on rain-water without any artificial irrigation; its meaning is close to, and perhaps identical with, ʿatharī.
– The sawānī (plural of sāniyah) are the animals—camels, cattle, or donkeys—that walk back and forth drawing water from a well with the gharb bucket and its gear. The beast used for irrigation is called a sāniyah because it lifts the water to irrigate the trees and crops.

• Takeaways from the ḥadith:
  1 – Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah and Imām al-Nawawī state that the scholars unanimously agree on the amount to be taken from crops subject to the ʿushr, on the strength of the sound report traced back to Ibn ʿUmar.
  2 – For grains and fruits watered without expense—by rainfall, running springs, or baʿl whose roots drink directly from the soil—the due is one-tenth, because the yield is obtained without labor or cost, and water is the principal expense in cultivation.
  3 – For crops irrigated with expense—such as by nāḍiḥ camels, water-wheels turned by cattle, horses, or mules, or by any device that draws water from underground, including pumps powered by gasoline, diesel, or electricity—the due is one-half of one-tenth. The scholars are unanimous on this, based on the authentic text.
  4 – When both methods are used—part of the year with expense and part without—the due is three-quarters of one-tenth. More than one authority has transmitted consensus on this, for if either method alone prevailed for the whole year it would entail its full ruling; when each is present for half the time, half of each ruling is applied.
  5 – This gradation in the rulings takes the payer’s circumstances into account, and that is the very foundation of justice.