• ibn labūn (pronounced with a fatḥah on the lām and a ḍamma on the bāʾ): a camel that has completed two full years; it is so named because its dam is usually still producing milk after giving birth.

• ḥiqqah (with a kasrah on the ḥāʾ and a doubled qāf): a she-camel that has finished her third year and entered the fourth. She is called ḥiqqah because, at that age, she is entitled to be laden with a load and mounted by the stud camel. Plurals: ḥiqāq, ḥaqāʾiq, ḥiqaq.

• ṭarūqat al-jamal (with an open ṭāʾ, on the pattern faʿūlah, in the sense of mafʿūlah): literally “one visited by the bull camel.” The root ṭarq originally meant for a man to come to his wife at night. The term denotes a she-camel that, by virtue of her age, is ready to receive the male even if actual mating has not yet occurred.

• jadhaʿah (with open jīm and dhāl; from the verbs ajdhaʿa and jadhʿa; plurals: jadhaʿāt, jidhāʿ): a camel that has completed four years and entered the fifth, so called because she sheds a tooth at that stage. Some linguists say ijdhaʿ is not tied to losing a tooth; rather, it is a name for a period of maturity—thus a goat becomes jadhaʿah at one year, while a sheep does so at six months.

• In the wording “For the zakah on sheep … a sheep,” the word shāh (a sheep) is the subject, and the phrase fī ṣadaqat al-ghanam (“in the zakah of sheep”) is its predicate.

• ghanam: Ibn Jinnī states in al-Mukhṣaṣ that it is a collective noun with no singular from the same root; its plurals are agnām and ghanūm. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ explains that it is a generic term applying to the male, the female, or both together.

• sāʾimah (as in sāʾimatu al-rajul): derived from sāma, yasūmu, “to graze.” A sāʾimah is livestock that pasture on open, unimproved land. The verbal noun suʾm denotes turning the herd loose to graze. Plural: sawāʾim.

• mujtamaʿ: with a ḍamma on the first mīm and a kasrah on the second; it means “gathered together” or “combined.”

• mutafarriq: with the tāʾ before the fāʾ and the rāʾ doubled. Another transmission has the fāʾ before the tāʾ, from the root iftirāq, “to be dispersed.”