the embezzler of war-booty and the one who takes his own life.

Ibn al-Qayyim said: “It was the Prophet’s ﷺ practice not to lead the funeral prayer for a person who had killed himself, nor for the embezzler of war-booty.”

Among the views cited, the Ḥanbalī position is the strongest and the one most firmly grounded in evidence. Sinners—whatever their offenses—stand in greatest need of the Muslims’ prayer and intercession; yet these two cases are singled out by explicit proof. For all others, the general rule of offering the funeral prayer applies. And Allah knows best.