Takeaways from the ḥadith:
1 – This is the second form of istisqāʾ (the prayer for rain): asking for rainfall during the Friday sermon. It is prescribed when the rain has stopped and people are suffering as a result.
2 – It is permissible to enumerate the calamities that have afflicted a Muslim, provided he is not showing resentment toward Allah’s decree but merely explaining his situation to someone whose help may benefit him—such as a physician who can treat him or a wealthy person who can give charity. Thus the man who asked the Prophet ﷺ to supplicate Allah did so for this purpose. Supplication was within the Prophet’s ability, and his prayers are the most likely to be answered. The Prophet approved his request, prayed, and the desired result was obtained. The rest of the ḥadith states, “We went out wading through water until we reached our homes.”
3 – The following Friday they asked him to pray that Allah withhold the rain after they had been harmed by its persistence and force. He invoked his Lord, and the sky withheld its rain. May Allah bless and grant peace to him, his family, and his Companions.
4 – The ḥadith establishes the permissibility of istisḥāʾ—praying for the rain to stop—when rainfall continues for a long time, becomes heavy, and causes harm.
5 – It also shows that speaking to the preacher during the Friday sermon is permissible; this issue is an exception to the general prohibition against talking while the sermon is in progress.
6 – It is permissible to ask a righteous living person to make supplication, for this is a legitimate form of tawassul (seeking a means of approach), as seen in the story of al-ʿAbbās and ʿUmar. The Prophet ﷺ sanctioned the man’s request, both for rain and for its cessation, and responded to it. The forbidden form of tawassul is to appeal to a creature’s rank or status; that practice is not sanctioned and constitutes transgression in supplication.
The distinction is clear: rank benefits its possessor and does not help the one who invokes it, whereas a supplication benefits the person who requests it.