while the earth stands between the sun and the moon. This phenomenon occurs only when the moon passes through the earth’s umbral cone; the eclipse is partial when only part of the moon is inside that cone.
Just as eclipses have their normal, observable causes that are understood by the physical sciences, they also embody a divinely ordained wisdom. When that wisdom decrees a change in one of God’s cosmic signs—such as an eclipse, an earthquake, and the like—He does so to rouse His servants from heedlessness caused by neglecting obligations and committing prohibitions. He sets the perceptible, ordinary causes in motion to disrupt the cosmic order so that people may know that behind these majestic heavens stands an All-Powerful Disposer who holds everything in His hand and encompasses all things. He is able to punish them with one of His cosmic signs, just as He destroyed earlier nations with thunderbolts, winds, floods, earthquakes, and ground-collapses.
Likewise, He can strip them of the light of the sun and the moon, leaving them to wander blindly on their land, or He can afflict them with drought so that their trees wither and their rivers dry up. The Most High says: “We shall surely make them taste the nearer chastisement before the greater chastisement, so that they may return” (32:21).
Yet we live in an age dominated by materialism, such that people no longer perceive the spiritual message contained in warnings of God’s punishment and reminders of His blessings.
As for the eclipse prayer, some scholars inferred it from the Almighty’s words: “And of His signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Do not bow down to the sun or to the moon, but bow down to God who created them, if it is Him that you worship” (41:37).
The Sunnah, however, has reached us through mass-transmitted reports from the Messenger of God ﷺ, and numerous scholars have stated that the entire community agrees on its legitimacy.
During an eclipse it is recommended to make supplication, seek forgiveness, earnestly turn to God, give charity, and perform other righteous deeds until God removes the affliction from the people, for God is Ever-Forgiving, Merciful to His servants.