• rīḥuhu (its odor): The term rīḥ refers to a current of air—whether pleasant or foul.
• ṭaʿmuhu (its taste): ṭaʿm is what the sense of taste perceives in food or drink, such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and the like. One says, “The taste of a thing has changed,” meaning it has departed from its natural state.
• lawnuhu (its color): lawn denotes the bodily attribute of blackness, whiteness, redness, and everything of that kind.
These three qualities are called by the Muslim philosophers aʿrāḍ (accidents) that must inhere in a jawhar (substance), the substance here being the body. Modern chemistry, however, treats these very qualities as substances in their own right, for they are tangible, physical effects. Thus the water is a substance, and another substance—namely taste, color, or odor—has mixed with it.
Points derived from the two ḥadiths
1 – The two ḥadiths show that the basic rule regarding water is purity.
2 – This general rule is restricted to the case where an impurity meets the water and its odor, taste, or color becomes manifest therein; in that event the water is rendered impure, whether the quantity is small or large.
3 – The restriction is established by the consensus of the ummah that water whose characteristics are altered by impurity is impure, regardless of amount.
As for the additional phrase found in the ḥadith of Abū Umāmah, it is weak and cannot serve as proof; nevertheless, al-Nawawī states that the scholars unanimously uphold the ruling it conveys. Ibn al-Mundhir likewise says that the scholars unanimously agree that when a small or large volume of water receives an impurity that changes its taste, color, or odor, it becomes impure. Ibn al-Mulaqqin concludes that, since the stated exception is weak, the argument must rely on consensus, as asserted by al-Shāfiʿī, al-Bayhaqī, and others. Shaykh al-Islām remarks: Whatever the Muslims agree upon will invariably be supported by an explicit text, and we know of no single issue on which they have unanimously agreed that lacks a textual basis.