Faʿlah, in this context, carries the passive sense mafʿūlah, just as nuskhah denotes mansūkhah (“an abrogated text”); here it refers to a composed address that contains both admonition and delivery of the message.

– “His eyes turned red”: such states befall the sincere, impassioned preacher.

– “His voice rose”: it became louder so that his words would carry weight and leave an impact on the listeners.

– “His anger intensified”: it grew stronger; anger is a response triggered by inner agitation.

– “As though he were a warner”: indhār is to inform while instilling fear, and the mundhir is the one who issues such a warning.

– ṣabbaḥakum: on the causative pattern tafʿīl; meaning, “the enemy has swooped down upon you morning and evening.”

– ammā baʿd: ammā (with a fatḥah on the hamzah) is a particle of differentiation, and baʿd is an indefinite adverb severed from annexation and built on ḍammah. The formula ammā baʿd is used to separate and move from one topic to another. Some scholars regard it as the “decisive speech” mentioned in the verse, “We gave him wisdom and decisive speech” (Q 38:20). They differ over who first employed it: some say the Prophet David, others Quss ibn Sāʿidah, others Kaʿb ibn Luʾayy, and yet others Yaʿrub ibn Qaḥṭān.

– “hudā of Muhammad”: when read with a ḍammah on the hāʾ and a fatḥah on the dāl, it means guidance and direction; when read with a fatḥah on the hāʾ and a sukūn on the dāl, it means “the finest path,” namely the path of Muhammad.

– muḥdathātihā: its newly invented matters—those not established by any law from Allah or His Messenger; what is intended are innovations in religion.

– bidʿah (innovation): al-Shāṭibī said, “The root b-d-ʿ denotes originating something with no prior example; hence an act for which there is no evidence from the Sharia is called a bidʿah.” A fuller treatment of the subject will come later, Allah willing.

– ḍalālah (misguidance): the opposite of guidance. The Exalted said, “Whomever Allah sends astray, none can guide him” (Q 13:33).

What is derived from the ḥadith:
1 – The ḥadith establishes the legitimacy of delivering two sermons for Friday (Jumuʿah) prayer.