Abū ʿAbd Allāh—Imam Aḥmad—maintained that shortening the four-rakʿah prayer is not permissible on a journey of less than sixteen farsakhs. One farsakh is three miles, so the minimum comes to forty-eight miles, the distance ordinarily covered in two days of steady travel. Reports from Ibn ʿAbbās and Ibn ʿUmar that appear to support this estimate are, however, at variance with the evidence cited by our own school; and because those reports are not firmly established, adopting the stated measurement is precluded for two reasons:
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It contradicts the Sunnah and the plain sense of the Qurʾānic verse that permits shortening to “whoever strikes out on the earth.” Taken at face value, the verse applies to anyone who sets out on a journey, whatever its length.
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Fixing a specific distance is a matter that requires explicit textual proof; it cannot rest on unsupported opinion. The decisive argument, therefore, lies with those who allow the concession to every traveller.
Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah said: “The distinction between long and short journeys has no foundation in the Book of Allah or in the Sunnah of His Messenger ﷺ. Every ruling Allah attached to travel He left unconditional; hence the definition of travel reverts to customary usage. Whatever people customarily regard as travel is the journey to which the Lawgiver linked these concessions.”
Ibn al-Qayyim states in Al-Hady: “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ set no fixed distance for shortening the prayer or breaking the fast; he left the licence unrestricted for anyone who travels or ‘strikes out on the earth.’” This opinion has been adopted by many of the leading Salafi scholars of Najd.
Shaykh Muḥammad ibn Badīr objects: “When a legal ruling lacks a clear parameter, it becomes vulnerable to manipulation and the whims of desire. The jurists observed that not every distance warrants the dispensations, so it became necessary to describe the kind of journey that does. Otherwise, those who are legally responsible may fall into confusion or laxity by extending the concessions to situations for which they were never granted.”
For instance, an authentic report tells of Companions who were diligent in praying at the Prophet’s Mosque while living in the farthest part of al-ʿAwālī, about four miles away; obviously they were not granted the licence to shorten the prayer or to break the fast.