Thus, an isolated case is subsumed under the general rule and is not granted an independent ruling. This is precisely what the jurists mean when they say, “al-nadir lā ḥukma lahu” (a rare occurrence carries no legal weight); that is, it neither overturns the principle nor contradicts its application. This is a foundational maxim that must be observed.
A concession for the sick in discharging their obligations is established in the Quran, the Sunnah, and the consensus of the Ummah. Allah, the Exalted, says, “So whoever among you is ill or on a journey must make up an equal number of other days” [al-Baqarah: 184], and He says, “Allah does not burden a soul beyond its capacity” [al-Baqarah: 286].
Al-Bukhari and others record, on the authority of ʿImrān ibn Ḥuṣayn, that the Prophet ﷺ said, “Pray standing; if you are unable, then sitting; and if you are unable, then on your side.”
Ibn al-Mundhir stated, “I know of no disagreement among the scholars that a sick person may stay away from the congregational prayers because of illness.”
Al-Nawawī said, “The Ummah is unanimous that whoever is incapable of standing in an obligatory prayer performs it sitting; he does not have to repeat it, nor is his reward diminished, because of the prophetic report.”
Al-Rawḍ wa-l-Ḥāshiyah adds, “The reward of the sick person who prays is not less than the reward of a healthy person who prays,” citing the hadith of Abū Mūsā: “When a servant falls ill or travels, there is recorded for him whatever he used to do while resident and in good health.” [Al-Bukhari, 2996]
Shaykh Taqī al-Dīn said, “Whoever intends a righteous deed and then does whatever he can of it receives the same reward as the one who completes it,” adducing the hadith of Abū Kabshah and others.
The scholars have differed over the point at which prayer is waived for the sick. According to the position attributed to Aḥmad in al-Rawḍ, prayer is never dropped so long as the intellect remains, because the person is still able to gesture with his eyes while forming the intention in his heart, and the general evidences for its obligation remain applicable. A second report from the Imam, however, holds that it is waived.
In al-Ikhtiyārāt, the Shaykh states: “Once a sick person is unable to gesture with his head, prayer is waived for him; he is not required to gesture with his eyes.” This is also the position of Abū Ḥanīfah.