481 — Ahmad ibn Ibrāhīm narrated to us: Ishāq al-Azraq narrated to us, from ʿAwf, from al-Hasan—may Allah be pleased with him—who said: “Among the traits of hypocrisy are discrepancies between word and deed and between one’s private and public conduct, as well as corruption in one’s ways and behavior. The root of hypocrisy, and the foundation upon which it is built, is lying.”