And ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz wrote to ‘Adī ibn Artāh concerning the Qadariyya: “Call upon them to repent. If they repent, then so be it; otherwise, strike off their heads.” Hishām ibn ‘Abd al-Malik also struck off Ghaylān’s head and crucified him after cutting off his hand. Thereafter, rulers in every age continued to deal with the adherents of deviant doctrines in this manner: whenever the matter was reliably established before them, they punished the offender as they saw fit, without the scholars denouncing it.