its use, and tayammum is permitted only with pure earth.

It is recommended that a person who cannot find water yet expects to come upon it before the end of the prayer time postpone the prayer until the last part of the period; should he then find water, he performs wudu and prays, and if not, he performs tayammum.

With a single tayammum he may perform as many obligatory and supererogatory prayers as he wishes.

A healthy resident within a city may resort to tayammum when a funeral prayer is about to be held, the officiant is someone else, and he fears that engaging in purification will cause him to miss the prayer; in that case he performs tayammum and joins the prayer. The same ruling applies to one who is present for the two ‘Eid prayers and fears that purification will make him miss them: he may perform tayammum and pray.

If someone attending the Friday congregation fears that taking time for purification will prevent him from catching the Friday prayer, he does not perform tayammum; rather, he performs wudu. If he is able to join the Friday prayer he performs it, otherwise he prays the noon prayer as four rak‘ahs. Likewise, when the time for a prayer is so tight that he fears it will expire if he performs wudu, he does not resort to tayammum; instead, he performs wudu and later makes up the missed prayer.

If a traveller forgets that he has water in his luggage, performs tayammum and prays, and then remembers the water while the prayer time still remains, he is not required to repeat the prayer according to Abu Hanifah and Muhammad (may Allah have mercy on them). Abu Yusuf, however, said he must repeat it.

A person who intends tayammum is not obliged to search for water when he does not think it is likely to be nearby. If he deems it probable that water is present, he may not perform tayammum until he has gone to look for it. If one of his companions has water, he must ask him for it before performing tayammum; if the companion refuses to give it, he may then perform tayammum and pray.