Whoever deliberately has intercourse through either passage, or knowingly eats or drinks something taken for nourishment or medication, must both make up the fast and offer the expiation prescribed for ẓihār.

If he engages in sexual contact short of penetration and ejaculates, he is required to make up the fast, but no expiation is due, for expiation applies only to the deliberate invalidation of a Ramadan fast.

Whoever administers an enema, snuffs medicine into the nose, places drops in the ears, or treats a penetrating abdominal wound (jāʾifah) or a skull wound (ʾāmah) with a remedy that reaches his stomach or brain, breaks the fast. Instilling drops into the urethra does not break the fast according to Abū Ḥanīfa, while Abū Yūsuf holds that it does.

Tasting something with the tongue does not invalidate the fast, though it is disliked; it is likewise disliked for a woman to chew food for her infant when another alternative exists.

Chewing unsweetened gum does not break the fast, but it is discouraged.

Anyone who is ill during Ramadan and fears that fasting will aggravate his condition may break the fast and make it up later. A traveler who would not be harmed by fasting is better off fasting; yet if he breaks it and later makes it up, that is acceptable. Should the sick person or the traveler die while still sick or on the journey, no make-up is required; but if the sick person recovers or the traveler returns home and afterward dies, a make-up is due for the days during which they were healthy or resident.

Missed days of Ramadan may be made up consecutively or separately, as one wishes. If the make-up is postponed until another Ramadan begins, he fasts the second Ramadan and then makes up the first, and no fidya is owed.

The pregnant woman and the nursing mother—if they fear for their children