Chapter on Tayammum (Dry Ablution)

• A person who cannot find water while traveling, or who is outside the town with roughly a mile or more between him and the settlement, is permitted to perform tayammum.
• The same concession applies to one who does have water but is ill and fears that using it will aggravate his condition, or to someone in a state of major ritual impurity (janabah) who fears that washing with water in severe cold would kill him or make him sick. Such a person performs tayammum with clean earth.

Tayammum consists of two strikes: with one he wipes his face, and with the other his hands up to the elbows. Tayammum for major impurity (janabah) and minor impurity (ḥadath) is identical.

Abu Ḥanifah and Muhammad held that tayammum may be done with anything that belongs to the genus of earth—soil, sand, stone, gypsum, lime, kohl, or zarnikh (orpiment). Abu Yūsuf, however, maintained that it is valid only with soil and sand.

Intention is obligatory in tayammum, whereas in wudu it is merely recommended.

Everything that nullifies wudu also nullifies tayammum, and it is additionally broken by the mere sight of water if one is able to use it.