and the statement of an openly sinful person is accepted in commercial dealings, whereas, in matters of religion, only the report of a person of integrity is admissible.

A man may not look at any part of an unrelated woman except her face and hands; if he fears the stirring of desire, he should not even look at her face unless there is a genuine need. A judge who is about to rule concerning her, and a witness who is about to testify regarding her, may look at her face even if they fear desire. A physician may look at the place of her illness.

A man may look at the whole body of another man except the area between the navel and the knee. A woman may look at a man at whatever a man may lawfully look at of another man, and she may look at another woman in the same measure. A man may look at the genitals of his female slave who is lawful to him and of his wife. He may look at his mahram (unmarriageable) female relatives at their face, head, chest, lower legs and upper arms, but not at their back or abdomen, and there is no objection to his touching whatever he is permitted to look at.

A man may look at another person’s slave-girl to the extent he may look at his mahram women, and there is no harm in touching the parts he is allowed to see when he intends to purchase her, even if he fears desire. A eunuch, with regard to looking at an unrelated woman, is treated like any other sexually potent man. A male slave may not look at his mistress except at what a stranger may look at of her.

He may practise ʿazl (coitus interruptus) with his slave-girl without her permission, but he may not practise it with his wife except with her consent.

Hoarding foodstuffs needed by people or by livestock is disliked when such hoarding harms the inhabitants of a town. Someone who stores the produce of his own land, or what he has imported from another region, is not deemed a hoarder. It is unfitting for the ruler to fix prices for the people. Selling weapons in times of fitna (civil strife) is discouraged, whereas there is no harm in selling grape-juice to someone whom the seller knows will turn it into wine.