outwardly profess disbelief, he will be rewarded.

If a person is coerced into destroying a Muslim’s property under a threat that makes him fear for his life or the loss of a limb, it is permissible for him to comply. Nevertheless, the owner of the property is entitled to hold the coercer liable for the loss.

If someone is threatened with death unless he kills another person, he is not permitted to carry out the killing; rather, he must endure the threat even if it leads to his own death. Should he go ahead and kill, he bears sin, and legal retaliation (qiṣāṣ) is due against the one who coerced him, provided the killing was intentional.

If a man is forced to divorce his wife or to free his slave and he does so, the divorce or manumission takes legal effect. He may then seek compensation from the coercer: the value of the slave and, if the divorce occurs before consummation, half of the woman’s dowry.

If he is compelled to commit fornication, the prescribed ḥadd penalty becomes obligatory according to Abū Ḥanīfa—unless the coercer is the ruler—whereas Abū Yūsuf and Muḥammad hold that the ḥadd is not incurred.

And if a man is coerced into apostasy, his wife is not separated from him.